Impact of Bail and House Arrest

Impact of Bail and House Arrest Introduction Bail and house arrest are parts of the legal system that allow offenders to serve time or await trial outside of the normal jail settings. Bail allows a defendant to await trial outside of jail buy paying a sum of money as a guarantee that he or she will show up to court at their designated time (Abrams Rohlfs, 2011). House arrest allows the convicted to serve their appointed sentence at their home instead of in prison. This time served comes with conditions that require the convicted to remain at home and only go to pre-approved locations such as work, the grocery store, medical appointments, etc., at approved times. They both offer the benefit of saving the government, be it federal or local, the money it typically spends on housing criminals in the jail/prison system. The Findlaw blog estimates that keeping someone in prison can cost more than $20,000 per year. House arrest also aides in keeping the prison facilities from being overcrowded (Trinh, 2015). Bail and house arrest do offer problems to the defendants and the public as well. This paper will look at some of the problems associated with the bail and house arrest options, namely the dangers to the public posed by both and the additional strain to recipients of house arrest. The following sources will help prove those points and examine the pros and cons of each. Bail Bail is a promise a defendant makes in the form of cash or equal value in property to return to court in order to stand trial on the charges that there stand accused of in order to receive that payment back. A simplified way of looking at the bail process is that if you make someone pay $1000, or equivalent value in property, they will return to court to stand trial with the promise of getting that money back (Feige, 2015). The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution each contain a clause on due process. This clause is there to protect citizens from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law. The Eighth Amendment has an excessive bail clause which is designed to protect defendants from being subject to excessive bail set during pre-trial detention. One recent example of this clause protecting a defendant from excessive bail set can be found in the murder case of Robert Durst. Durst was given a $3 billion bail during pre-trial activities in 2004. An appeals court in Texas later deemed it excessive and that no one could meet the requirements of a bail that high, not Durst himself, and definitely not the bail companies. The court then lowered the bail to $450,000. (CNN.com, 2004) One of the issues with this clause is that it leaves too much room for interpretation when applying bail practices. The clause simply states: excessive bail shall not be required which is extremely vague. To remain in line with the Eighth Amendment, there should be a definitive explanation of the term excessive which doesnt exist. This led to bail reform being sought out. The Bail Reform Act of 1984 was designed address some concerns that pretrial detention may be violation of constitutional rights. The Act was supposed to help keep defendants from being presumed guilty before their trials occurred. This is definitely a benefit for a society based on the notion that defendants are innocent until proven guilty. However, the Act has allowed for the extreme conditions of release for those defendants that can afford them (Zweig, 2010). Another complaint with the bail system is that it favors the wealthy and discriminates against the poor. Poorer defendants do not have the disposable income to afford to pay bail and often have that used against them to force, or coerce, a guilty plea from them with a promise to avoid jail time, only to go home with a crime on their record. These blemishes on their criminal record can have a lasting negative affect on their ability to find employment in the future among other things. (Feige, 2015) Yet another complaint with the bail system is that is puts the recipients back on the street while they await the completion of the judicial process. For the innocent defendants, this is not an issue. However, this is not the case for the defendants that are actually guilty. These guilty defendants are now in a position to recommit their crimes, or commit new crimes, including attempting to harm potential witnesses for case against them (Sacks Ackerman, 2014). House Arrest House arrest allows for a defendant in a case to serve time or await trial at their primary residence. House Arrest is designed to keep nonviolent offenders from becoming repeat offenders. House arrest wont necessarily restrict the defendant to their home, however. Some exceptions, like attending medical appointments, going to work or school, attending church, and certain shopping trips may exist and must be preapproved. House arrest is an alternative to serving jail time and it is intended for nonviolent offenders accused of minor crimes. It also requires electronic monitoring of the offender. The offender is monitored 24 hours a day to track their whereabouts in ensure that they remain in predefined locations. It may seem like a benefit at first, because the offender gets to avoid jail time. However, recipients soon find out that having their movements restricted and forcing other family members to complete functions they would normally perform can become more and more stressful as time goes on. Often times, the family of the prisoner begins to feel as if they are being punished as well; leading to strained relationships. One argument against house arrest is that it unfairly punishes the family of the prisoner for the duration of the sentence (Brown Elrod, 1995). Another issue with house arrest is that the offenders could be dragged back into court or before their parole officers when there is a malfunction with the device and risk a return to prison. Some offense that fit this description included losing a connection while taking public transportation, such as a subway, to a preapproved appointment, or just losing power to the device. In fact, the prisoner, is responsible for ensuring that the device remains charged and powered on at all times. The prisoner is also required to pay the costs associated with electronic monitoring. For this reason, an offender with gainful employment is the ideal recipient of a house arrest sentence. The offender must also maintain a home phone land line without call waiting, call forwarding, caller id, other advanced features to be eligible for home electronic monitoring. Repetitive violations of these requirements could land the prisoner back in jail. One last noteworthy problem with house arrest, is that even though it is normally intended for nonviolent offenders, each jurisdiction makes their own rules for the conditions of house arrest. There have been times with some dangerous criminals have been allowed to serve time awaiting trial on house arrest. One notable occurrence of this fact can be seen in a gang member, Rashawn Hines, from the Wilmington neighborhood of Chicago being allowed to await trial under house arrest in November of 2014. Hines was later arrested for another charge. An investigation led to findings that his house was a local hangout for the Bloods street gang and that Hines distributed guns and drugs to members of the gang (Norton, 2014). Conclusions: Bail and house arrest both get defendants/offenders out of the prison and jail system during the judicial process. This saves the governing agencies money on housing them in jail. It was noted earlier that incarcerating a prisoner costs the government more than $20,000 per year. It also allows the government to avoid the problem of overcrowding in the prison system. However, they both have the possibility of putting criminals back on the street with the common public. While the intent of both practices is to deter individuals from repeating the offense or committing other offenses, the truth is there is no guarantee of that, especially when you give them the access to do so. Home monitoring can keep law enforcement aware of the individuals location, but it cannot stop them from committing any specific action. In the case of Rashawn Hines, electronic monitoring could not stop criminals and gang members from coming to him. Bail is way of helping to preserve the notion of innocent until proven guilty which our judicial system is based on, but not every defendant is actually innocent. Bail allows all recipients, innocent and guilty alike, back on the streets. The guilty are in a position to commit the offense again or commit new offenses, including fleeing from the jurisdiction they were arrested in or hindering the investigation against them. Both provide benefits to the government, especially financial benefits. However, they both raise concerns of safety to the public as well. There are benefits and consequences that should be weighed and considered in any possible system reforms. Sources: Abrams, D. S., Rohlfs, C. (2011). Optimal bail and the value of freedom: Evidence from the Philadelphia bail experiment. Economic Inquiry, 49(3), 750-770. Brown, M. P., Elrod, P. (1995). Electronic house arrest: an examination of citizens attitudes. Crime Delinquency, 41, 332. Feige, D. (2015, June 11). Bail Is a Fundamentally Unfair Way to Coerce Guilty Pleas From Poor People. Heres a Fix. Retrieved February 11, 2017, from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2015/06/bail_is_unfair_here_s_a_simple_way_to_fix_it.html Gainey, R. R., Payne, B. K. (2003). Changing attitudes toward house arrest with electronic monitoring: the impact of a single presentation? International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 47(2), 196-209. Lilly, J. R., Ball, R. A. (1987). Brief History of House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring. Northern Kentucky Law Review, 13(3), 343-374. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.maurice.bgsu.edu/login.aspx?direct=truedb=sihAN=SM113024login.aspsite=ehost-livescope=site Leon, M. (1999). On the Value and Scope of Freedom. Ratio, 12(2) 162-177. Norton, F. T. (2014, November 6). Gang investigation led to arrest of man under house arrest, drug bust. StarNews Online. Retrieved February 18, 2017, from http://www.starnewsonline.com/news/20141106/gang-investigation-led-to-arrest-of-man-under-house-arrest-drug-bust Sacks, M., Sainato, V. A., Ackerman, A. R. (2014). Sentenced to Pretrial Detention: A Study of Bail Decisions and Outcomes. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Staff. (2004, August 26). Court lowers $3 billion bail for Durst. Retrieved February 11, 2017, from http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/08/26/durst.ctv/ Trinh, L., Esq. (2015, March 27). 5 Things You Should Know About House Arrest [Web log post]. Retrieved February 17, 2017, from http://blogs.findlaw.com/blotter/2015/03/5-things-you-should-know-about-house-arrest.html Zweig, J. (2010). Extraordinary conditions of release under the Bail Reform Act. Harvard Journal of Legislation, 47 (2). Retrieved February 10, 2017, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.roosevelt.edu:2048/ehost/detail?vid=3hid=127sid=0e88f6c6-7384-436d-9af6-dd6eafcb20ea%40sessionmgr110bdata=JmxvZ2luLmFzcCZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmU%3d#db=aphAN=52241622

LGBT: Standing for Their Rights and What’s Right Essay

If you were to see a student in need what would you do? You would most likely step in and help that person. Am I right? Now what if that student was an LGBT student? You would most likely require more time to process the benefits and consequences of stepping in and making a difference right? Well when it comes to that statement I have to say that you are incorrect. It is the responsibility of every person, including you, to help a student in need no matter who that student is and regardless of the consequences. Nevertheless, LGBT individuals, including students, are the minority that is the most targeted against. We can no longer afford to let this injustice continue as long as there are people that exist who can make a difference. My friends the time for change is HERE and NOW. With those words I say this. Every individual who supports the rights of a fellow student, the LGBT student, should donate their time and money to the Southern Poverty Law Center as they strive to ensure the rights of LGBT students through the use of legal action, educational campaigns and combating the so called conversion therapy. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) campaigns for rights for LGBT students through their educational campaign known as the Teaching Tolerance Program. The Teaching Tolerance Program is a project of the SPLC whose purpose is to help educators improve their teaching methods through methods such as professional development and various activities within the classroom in order to compose a more complete and cultivating environment. The program has recently released Bullied in 2010. â€Å"Bullied† is a documentary for anti-bullying release throughout the United States. The document is made for use in the classroom and improvement for educators and highlights the tale of a student who struggled to stand up for what’s right against his anti-gay torturers. Although many know about the need for rights for LGBT students, on the other hand, there are those who may comment that there are those that refuse to listen to those who attempt to campaign peacefully and with reason. But it’s easy to see that there are many people out there who show absolute support for rights of ALL fellow citizens if we took a look back at history. An excellent example is Abraham Lincoln, who worked to end slavery once and for all. If a president is able to take the time out of his schedule to accomplish this feat, then we as Americans should be able to do the same for LGBT rights. After all is this no the land of the FREE and the home of the BRAVE? Let’s follow the examples of our forefathers and campaign to make this world a little better each day. In addition to educational campaigns, the SPLC exerts their energy, time, and resources for the rights of LGBT students through the use of legal action which includes but is not limited to proceedings against policies hostile to LGBT students. This is done thanks to the help of our very own Constitution. For example, let’s say that a student wants to wear clothing or any accessories that show their support for LGBT rights but the school that he or she attends will not allow him or her to wear it. It is then clearly evident that the school is in violation of that student’s natural first amendment rights which allows the right to free expression. The only time that the school can prevent you from wearing anything is if the clothing is obscene or has gang related elements. However some may say that legal action will only continue to heighten backlash against the LGBT community and therefore only make the situation worse. On the contrary legal action has helped hundreds of students for the rights when there are times that ultimately call for legal action. After all, now and again there have been occasions where words of expression and educational campaigns just aren’t enough. Furthermore, the SPLC alleviates LGBT students by function to put a stop to this so called conversion therapy. Conversion therapy is a lethal practice based on the presupposition that people can alter their sexual orientation. However this cannot be true. Why? Everyone, including the SPLC knows for a fact that people are BORN gay or straight not made or altered. Being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is not a form of mental disease or a pathological condition. Sometimes we as human beings do not realize that we do not have the power or the right to manipulate any of God’s creatures whatsoever. Luckily, Conversion therapy has been discredited by every major medical organization as there us nearly no evidence that conversion therapy is even successful. Yet there are some who articulate depending on their point of view that if an LGBT individual wishes to convert his or herself then we should let them. However it is unmistakably clear that most LGBT individuals do not want to be converted. People who went through conversion therapy have had increased anxiety, depression, and even suicidal intention. In a study made in 2002, 88% of individuals failed to turn homosexual, while only 3% changed their orientation. The rest had no change whatsoever. In the end, The Southern Poverty Law Center uses educational campaigns, legal action, and combat of conversion therapy. LGBT students are just like us. They are us. They are a part of this world just as much as we are. They are a prime example of what the United States of America are all about: the freedom of each individual to choose just how they want to live regardless of the consequences and obstacles that stand in their way. Therefore let us illuminate the problem of attacks on LGBT students so that we may better grasp the situation and work together to fight for a noble cause. For if we do not learn from history and change ourselves for the better, then we can never truly overcome our obstacles and we will ultimately end up within the remnants of our own downfall. Think about it.

Community Intervention Plan For Childrens Mental Health

Community Intervention Plan Mother’s mental health plays a key role on effective parenting and social engagement (Hartas, 2014, p. 18). Implementing a community assessment allows for observations, issues to be brought forward and interventions to take place (Stamler Yiu, 2008, pg. 216). Public health nurses need to continually observe communities, reflect on observations and implement strategies to improve the health conditions within the allotted community. Specifically, in the Hillside-Quadra area there is a lack of support for new mothers. Providing a new mothers walking group will help vulnerable individuals with support, advice and coping strategies. The intent of this paper is to advocate for the well-being of new mothers by implementing a new mothers walking group in the Hillside-Quadra area. Community Issue Walking around the Hillside-Quadra community, there noticeably was a large amount of mothers walking their infants down the sidewalks and roads of the community. Unexpectedly, these women were mainly walking in the morning or evening, by themselves and talking on their cellphones or listening to music. The only support for these vulnerable women are provided by the Quadra Village Community Center: pre and post natal and mother and tot classes (Quadra Village Community Center, n.d.). These classes are usually during the working week and in the afternoons between 11am and 1pm (Quadra Village Community Center, n.d.). Although, the tot classes at the CommunityShow MoreRelatedThe Anxiety Of Asian American Immigrant Children Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesBackground and Significance Currently, 21.4% of youth aged 13-18 and 13% of children aged 8-15 experience significant mental health problems in the U.S. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). 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The Crime Rate Of Detroit Essay - 1229 Words

Crime is something that happens every day. Many people fear it, but it is a factor that people cannot escape. In places, like Detroit, people are surrounded by violent crime. Either they are the victims of it, or the committers, but it was not always like this. During the sixties, Detroit was one of the most lucrative cities in the country. Many people moved there to seek jobs in the automotive factories which increased the population to 1.85 million. (Padnani, 2013) However, this is not the case now. Many of the factories have moved, putting people and their families at a disadvantage. A numerous amount of workers relied on these jobs to feed their families. Since then, Detroit has faced a significant amount of hardships that has caused the city to deteriorate effecting education, employment, and the crime rate each factor acts as a chain reaction. 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Frederick Douglass, An American Slave - 959 Words

When the United States was first established it was hard for everyone to get on their feet in a â€Å"new world†, but for some people it was harder than you would think. I do not know how we get away with slavery, but somehow we did and I hope we never have to go down that road again. One of the most famous people you hear talking about slavery is Frederick Douglass he is significant because he was once a slave who learned how to read and write and eventually stood up for what he believed in. Frederick Douglass ended up with his own views and he had a lot of different influences throughout his life to make these opinions and views. There are two sides to slavery and they have completely different views on governments and how to handle that situation. Frederick Douglass wrote a narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave in this he sides with Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence, in this he makes his own views on the political ideals that are significant lik e natural law, and on the other side the slave holders would agree most with Machiavelli’s Prince in the aspect of how to run government. Frederick Douglass wrote a narrative Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave around that time Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence and these two views are the most similar in numerous ways. In the Declaration of Independence Jefferson uses the famous quote â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienableShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass, An American Slave1114 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass is well known for many of his literary achievements. He is best known, now, as a writer. As a writer, Frederick Douglass shined. As a speaker, he was the best. 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When a person is exposed to a variety of different ideas and concepts, they often times change the way that they think or go about daily life. For example, books like The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass gave people insight to what it was like to live a life of oppression, thus making people feel sympathetic for him. Society also reflects literature in that we see a lot of patterns repeated from books to everyday life. We see the reflectionRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1078 Words   |  5 PagesLife of Slaves Up until the late 1800s, people were legally able to own slaves. Slaves are people that are the property of another and are forced to follow their owner s commands. Slaves were treated like dogs, had no freedom and were abused. Frederick Douglass played a huge role in the human rights in the 19th century trying to end slavery. Also, he wrote a narrative called, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which goes into detail of his day to day life as a slave andRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1170 Words   |  5 Pagesabolitionist speakers, Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, this great American leader led a life many of us would find impossible to bear. After gaining his freedom from slavery, Douglass shared his stories through impressive speeches and vivid autobiographies, which helped America move forward as a country liberated from racial inequality. Although Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave allows readers to understand what life was like for slaves in antebellum America, theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1917 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States, 1492 - 1865 06 April 2015 Humanization of Slaves (?) For a large portion of the United States history, slavery was legal and prominent in Southern society. Slaves working on plantations were the main proponent of Southern American economy. Slaves working in the United States during this time, especially those working on plantations in the South, suffered through horrible living and work conditions and punishment. Slaves were forced under duress to work for long hours, and were whippedRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass An American Slave983 Words   |  4 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave, is an incredible story of one man’s struggle to become free from the bonds of slavery. While experiencing his hardships and celebrate his triumphs along the way, the story saddens you with the cruelty of humans but leaves you joyous at the outcome. Written as proof that a well-educated black man was indeed a slave and that even with a life riddled with trials and tribulations you can rise above and su cceeded in obtaining your dreamRead MoreFrederick Douglass: Struggles of the American Slaves1840 Words   |  8 PagesFrederick Douglass: Struggles of the American Slaves Frederick Douglass, who was born into slavery around 1818, will forever remain one of the most important figures in Americas struggle for civil rights and racial equality. As an ex-slave, his inspiration grew beyond his boarders to reach the whole world. Without any formal education, Douglass escaped slavery and became a respected American diplomat, a counselor to four presidents, a highly regarded speaker, and an influential writer. By commonRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’t

The Occupation of Japan During 2nd World War Free Essays

The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Occupation of Japan During 2nd World War or any similar topic only for you Order Now General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winter. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, â€Å"Send me food, or send me bullets.† American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, â€Å"Ah so, ah so.† People started to call him â€Å"Ah-so-san.† Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own conqured selves, force to do what was alien to them. In 1948, in a newspaper poll, Emperior Hirohito was voted the most popular man in Japan. Civil li berties were emphasized, women were given full equality with men. Article 13 and 19 in the new Constitution, prohibits discrimination in political, economic, and social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status, or family origen. This is one of the most explicitly progressive statements on human rights anywhere in law. Gerneral Douglas MacArthur emerged as a radical feminist because he was â€Å"convinced that the place of women in Japan must be brought to a level consistent with that of women in the western democracies.† So the Japanese women got their equal rights amendment long before a concerted effort was made to obtain one in America. Compulsory education was extened to nine years, efforts were made to make education more a traning in thinking than in rote memory, and the school system above the six elementary grades was revised to conform to the American pattern. This last mechanical change produced great confusion and dissatisfaction but became so entrenched that it could not be re vised even after the Americans departed. Japan†s agriculture was the quickest of national activities to recover because of land reform. The Australians came up with the best plan. It was basis was this: There were to be no absentee landlards. A person who actually worked the land could own up to 7.5 arcers. Anyone living in a village near by could keep 2.5 acres. Larger plots of land, exceeding these limits, were bought up by the government and sold on easy terms to former tenants. Within two years 2 million tenants became landowners. The American occupation immediately gained not only a large constituency, for the new owners had a vested interest in preserving the change, but also a psychological momentum for other changes they wanted to ini tiate. The American labor policy in Japan had a double goal: to encourage the growth of democratic unions while keeping them free of communists. Union organization was used as a balance to the power of management. To the surprise of the American authorties, this movement took a decidedly more radical turn. In the desperate economic conditions of early postwar Japan, there was little room for successful bargaining over wages, and many labor unions instead made a bid to take over industry and o perate it in their own behalf. Moreover large numbers of workers in Japan were government employees, such as railroad workers and teachers, whose wages were set not by management but by the government. Direct political action therefore seemed more meani ngful to these people than wage bargaining. The Japanese unions called for a general strike on February 1, 1947. MacArthur warned the union leadership that he would not countenace a nationwide strike. The strike leaders yieled to MacArthur†s will. The re after the political appeal of radical labor action appeared to wane. The Americans wanted to disband the great Zaibatsu trust as a means of reducing Japan†s war-making potential. There were about 15 Zaibatsu families such as – Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda, and Sumitomo. The Zaibatsu controled the industry of Japan. MacArthur†s liaison men pressured the Diet into passing the Deconcentration Law in December 1947. In the eyes of most Japanese this law was designed to cripple Japanese business and i ndustry forever. The first step in breaking up the Zaibatsu was to spread their ownership out among the people and to prevent the old owners from ever again exercising control. The stocks of all the key holding companies were to be sold to the public. Friends of the old Zaibatsu bought the stock. In the long run the Zaibatsu were not exactly destroyed, but a few were weakened and others underwent a considerable shuffle. The initial period of the occupation from 1945 to 1948 was marked by reform, the second phase was one of stabilization. Greater attention was given to improvement of the economy. Japan was a heavy expense to the United States. The ordered breakup of the Zaibatsu was slowed down. The union movement continued to grow, to the ult imate benefit of the worker. Unremitting pressure on employers brought swelling wages, which meant the steady expansion of Japan domestic consumer market. This market was a major reason for Japan†s subsequent economic boom. Another boom to the economy was the Korean War which proved to be a blessing in disguise. Japan became the main staging area for military action in Korea and went on a war boom economy with out having to fight in or pay for a war. The treaty of peace with Japan was signed at San Francisco in September 1951 by Japan, the United States, and forty-seven other nations. The Soviet Union refused to sign it. The treaty went into effect in April 1952, officially terminating the United States military occupation and restoring full independence. What is extraordinary in the Occupation and its aftermath was the insignificance of the unpleasant. For the Japanese, the nobility of American ideals and the essential benignity of the American presence assuaged much of the bitterness and anguish of defeat. For the Americans, the joys of promoting peace and democracy triumphed over the attendant fustrations and grievances. Consequently, the Occupation served to lay down a substantial capital of good will on which both America and Jap an would draw in the years ahead. How to cite The Occupation of Japan During 2nd World War, Essay examples

Environmental Impact of Soil and Sand Mining

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Impact of Soil and Sand Mining. Answer: Introduction: Mining can have various impacts on environment. The impact of mining would include sinkholes formation, soil erosion, soil contamination, and bio diversity depletion. The excessive mining can also have indirect impact on the health of population leaving in the area. It is observed that excessive mining have more negative impacts than positive (McCarthy, 2011). Therefore, it is important that the government and the organizations should not focus on excessive mining. Typically, mining is done in the forest areas so that the negative impact on human civilization could be minimized. The specific ways mining can impact on the environment can be discussed as: Soil Erosion: Probably the most widespread negative impact of mining on environment is soil erosion. Technically defined, soil erosion refers to the depletion of top surface of the soil. The soil erosion happens through excessive rains, floods, or landslides. The excessive mining makes the lower surface of the soil week and as a result the chances of soil erosion increases in the top layer. The problem with excessive mining is that it acts as a catalyst in the soil erosion process. The excessive use of mining shifts soil erosion from its natural course of action. With the excessive mining there is an increased chances of soil erosion (Saviour, 2012). The soil erosion is the major reason for number of other related issues like groundwater depletion, water contamination etc. Therefor, it is important that the responsible authorities should have a system of check and balances to create a check on soil erosion. Methods to lessen the impact of soil erosion: The negative impact of mining on soil erosion could be lessened with systematic plan of mining. The impact could be reduced if organizations take steps to put the soil back (Magwai, 2013). It is important that the top layer of the soli should be filled with new soil so that the middle layer does not deplete. Bio-Diversity depletion: With the increased focus on data mining, there is an increased chance of bio diversity depletion. It is observed that bio diversity is high in the areas where human intervention is limited (Magwai, 2013). With mining, human intervention increases in the region and as a result bio diversity depletion is observed. This is the reason that bio diversity of various forests faces a threat. The animals are not confortable when humans increase their intervention. There are various ways to ensure a region with rich bio diversity. The richness in the flora and fauna would be beneficial in number of ways (Pollock, 2010). It would not only have positive impact on the environment but it would also have positive impact on human beings. Methods to lessen the impact of bio diversity depletion: There are various methods that could be practiced in short-term and long-term to lessen the impact of bio diversity. It is important that the institutions and the organizations should focus on both flora and fauna (Song, 2010). The organizations and the government should plant more trees in the region. In turn, the trees would attract more birds and animals in the region. Sinkholes formation: Technically defined, sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The formation of sinkholes is common in the areas where excessive mining is observed (Pollock, 2010). The excessive meaning would actually make the below layers weak and as a result the below layers can observed a shift resulting in the formation of sinkholes. It is reported that the formation of sinkholes could be avoided by keeping a check on mining in the area. The mining can happen in the areas; however the institutions should avoid the excessive mining. Methods to lessen the impact of sinkholes formation: The formation of sinkholes could be avoided if the spread of soil is even in the area. It can be done when the mining is evenly distributed. It is important that organizations should not focus on mining in any single particular region. On the contrary, organizations should have even mining in the region (Pollock, 2010). Groundwater depletion: It can be said that groundwater is the main source of resource (water) across the world. The excessive use of mining is the main culprit behind groundwater depletion. It is observed that the groundwater levels are good in the area where bio diversity is rich. However, the geographic regions where bio diversity is not rich, the groundwater are a scare resource (Magwai, 2013). Therefore, it is important that high level of bio diversity should be maintained across the regions where mining happens. The high level of bio diversity attracts more rainfall in the region and this increases the level of groundwater in the region. Methods to lessen the impact of groundwater depletion: There are various direct and indirect measures to lessen the impact of groundwater depletion. This impact could be lessened if the mining region can attract rains (Magwai, 2013). It can be done if there are more plants in the region. Therefore, it is important that organizations, governments and society should focus to plan more and more trees in the areas where mining activity is high. Discuss how Acid Mine Drainage is formed, what impact it has on the environment and methods that can be used to lessen its impact. At metal mines, the target ore (like silver, gold, copper, etc.) is often rich in sulfide minerals. When the mining process exposes the sulfides to water and air, together they react to form sulfuric acid (Petrilakova, 2011). This acid can dissolve other harmful metals and metalloids (like arsenic) from the surrounding rock. It is believed that large-scale earth disturbances like mining can cause acid rock drainage. The acid rock drainage is also common in the areas where uninterrupted construction happens. It can be said that excessive mining is a platform for acid mine drainage. Mining is definitely an important reason of acid rock drainage. However, there could be other reasons also. In fact, there could be both natural and unnatural means of acid drainage. The landslides and disruption of soil is the natural reason of acid drainage (Strosnider, 2010). The excessive mining and too much construction is the unnatural means of acid drainage. It is important that the institutions shou ld have the means to manage both natural and man-made reasons. The occurrence of acid mine drainage could also be explained with the phenomenon of mining under the surface. Sub-surface mining often progresses below the water table, so water must be constantly pumped out of the mine in order to prevent flooding. When a mine is abandoned, the pumping ceases, and water floods the mine. This introduction of water is the initial step in most acid rock drainage situations (Hogsden, 2011). Some other sources of acid min drainage would include the rock dumps of mine waste, coal spoils, and tailing ponds and piles. The source of acid drainage could be small or big. However, it is important that people should not ignore the small sources of acid drainage. There is always a possibility that small sources would lead to bigger sources in future. Moreover, the quality or the intensity of acid also differs across different sources. It is possible that a small source of acid produces the acid of high intensity. It is believed that Acid Mine drainage has a negative impact on environment. There are various reasons for acid formation in the mining process. It is important that the organization should have the plan to dump the acid in the regulated areas (Myburgh, 2010). The acid can be harmful for various plants and animals. It is believed that acid can disrupt the bio diversity in the region. With the increased focus on data mining, there is an increased chance of unwanted acid formation. This in turn increases the bio diversity depletion. It is observed that bio diversity is high in the areas where human intervention is limited. With mining, human intervention increases in the region and as a result bio diversity depletion is observed. The acid formation can have negative impact on the plants population in the region. It is believed that the formation of acid can restrict the growth of plants and trees (Zhang, 2012). The adverse effect of acid formation could also be the death of trees. The excess acids near the plants could be fatal for trees. Moreover, if the plants get across the acids then there are chances that the trees would not have fruits. Therefore, it can be said that Acid Mine drainage is harmful for plants and trees. They impact of acid mine drainage could be lessened if the drivers of acid mine drainage could be controlled (Hallberg, 2010). It may not be possible to manage the natural sources of acid mine drainage. However, the efforts should be made to manage the unnatural sources of acid mine drainage. The impact could be lessened if the mining happens in a controlled environment. For example, there should be a considerable difference between two consecutive mines. The existence of two mines near to each other increases the chances of acid mine drainage. Another means to lessened the impact of acid mine drainage is to control the formation of acid. It can be done with the establishment of dumping ground or dumping area for acid. It would be correct to say that it is not easy to dump the acids (Kuang, 2013). However, there are tools and techniques that could be used to dump the acid in a controlled environment. It is important to mention that the small amount of acid can be dumped easily. Howev er, it would not be possible to dump the excessive amount of acid. The environmentalists believe that there is an urgent need to optimize the mining activities so that the acid min drainage could be avoided. This is the reason that the role of environmentalists has increased in the last decade. References Balintova, M. and Petrilakova, A., 2011. Study of pH influence on selective precipitation of heavy metals from acid mine drainage.Chem Eng Trans,25, pp.345-350. Hallberg, K.B., 2010. New perspectives in acid mine drainage microbiology. Hydrometallurgy,104(3), pp.448-453. Hogsden, K.L. and Harding, J.S., 2011. Consequences of acid mine drainage for the structure and function of benthic stream communities: a review.Freshwater Science,31(1), pp.108-120. Kuang, J.L., Huang, L.N., Chen, L.X., Hua, Z.S., Li, S.J., Hu, M., Li, J.T. and Shu, W.S., 2013. Contemporary environmental variation determines microbial diversity patterns in acid mine drainage.The ISME journal,7(5), pp.1038-1050. Lei, L.Q., Song, C.A., Xie, X.L., Li, Y.H. and Fei, W.A.N.G., 2010. Acid mine drainage and heavy metal contamination in groundwater of metal sulfide mine at arid territory (BS mine, Western Australia).Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,20(8), pp.1488-1493. Magwai, M.K. and Claassen, J.O., 2013. Near-Gravity material experience at Leeuwpan coal mine. InSACPS Bi-annual Conference, Secunda https://à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ s3.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ amazonaws.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ com/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ zanran_à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ storage/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ www.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ sacoalprep.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ co.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ za/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ContentPages/à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ 2501426370.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ pdf. McCarthy, T.S., 2011. The impact of acid mine drainage in South Africa.South African Journal of Science,107(5-6), pp.01-07. Oberholster, P.J., Myburgh, J.G., Ashton, P.J. and Botha, A.M., 2010. Responses of phytoplankton upon exposure to a mixture of acid mine drainage and high levels of nutrient pollution in Lake Loskop, South Africa.Ecotoxicology and environmental safety,73(3), pp.326-335. Pollock, D.E., Potts, J.D. and Joy, G.J., 2010. Investigation into dust exposures and mining practices in mines in the southern Appalachian Region.Mining engineering,62(2), pp.44-49. Saviour, M.N., 2012. Environmental impact of soil and sand mining: a review.International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology,1(3), pp.125-134. Strosnider, W.H. and Nairn, R.W., 2010. Effective passive treatment of high-strength acid mine drainage and raw municipal wastewater in Potos, Bolivia using simple mutual incubations and limestone.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,105(1), pp.34-42. Zhang, X., Yang, L., Li, Y., Li, H., Wang, W. and Ye, B., 2012. Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China.Environmental monitoring and assessment,184(4), pp.2261-2273.